Health care services

There are a number of health services and the proper scope of health care services must be provided on the basis of an appropriate system of health care. United States does not have the best healthcare in the world, but you can say that it has the best emergency care system throughout the world. The fact is that America is having the highest level of poverty and income inequality among all Nations, rich and developed and affects the range of human services health proper.

Healthcare systems are designed to meet the needs of health care, some of the targeted people or population. Health care planning and its implementation of the relevant systems are much more necessary for each country or the Government. In accordance with the World Health Report 2000 "Improving performance are good health, responsiveness expectations of the population and financial the contribution of the fair." Duckett (2004) proposed a two dimensional approach to the assessment of health systems: "quality, efficiency and acceptability on one dimension and equity on the other."

To the best of care UNICEF advises that there must be three basic steps that you can then systematically improve health services and a fully-fledged system of protection of health.

1. Standards
2. the evaluation and accreditation
3. support material

Seven years ago, the World Health Organization made the first serious effort to rank the health systems of 191 Nations. The following parameters were taken into consideration for the best care services;

· Insurance coverage
· Access
· Honesty
· Lives of health
· The Quality Of The
· Life and death
· Patient satisfaction
· ITS use
· Top care line
· Walk in clinic

Health is the State is also physically, mentally, socially and psychologically. Health services are an essential part of the community and, therefore, financial stability and an appropriate range of medicine through insurance or otherwise is very much necessary for man to live and stay normal. Have a valid process oriented structures is required, carried out by the Government to provide health services of each and every of their citizens. The health care industry is responsible for ensuring proper health care services to persons with their arm namely health service providers. These health services are paid and can be paid by the patient, a plan of insurance or by the Government. Charitable organizations and volunteers also play a role in the provision of health services for those who cannot afford. May be different ways to provide services to the health of the patient, usually may be divided into two main;

· Face-to-face:

This is the most popular way in the case where the supplier, working with the patient, physically, and after having a checkup and understanding problems, diagnosing a problem or suggest some tests or treatment.

· Non-Face To Face:

Telecom is the latest emerging object that is currently in use for the provision of healthcare as well. Treatment of a patient using interactively, phone, e-mail, text messages or video conferencing, and then you can provide further suggestions to him/her.

Health services are also provided in schools, where children can be cared for. UNESCO has published a set of tools to provide guidance to the school health-care service providers. The following are the basic parameters, which must be would;

· HIV/AIDS
· Food and nutrition
· Helminthes and hygiene
· Malaria
· Violence
· Drugs, tobacco and alcohol

In each health providing system may be the following three types of health services.

1. basic services of health care:

When someone must care services in the normal and routine of life, which may be a family doctor, nurse, nurse practitioner, physiotherapist, pharmacist, etc. Primary health services often include the prevention and treatment of common diseases and injuries.

2. Secondary health CareServices:

Whenever someone requires special care it is defined per unit of specialized care, like a hospital or nursing home level of secondary health facilities.

3. Additional/supplementary health care services:

Services, which are usually delivered to the elderly, children or to which you do not have their proper medical or paying capacity and areas are covered by funds from the Government or by some Volunteer or charity organization.

Instant medical care is one of the good suppliers who provide services, health care people in distress.

Health savings accounts, provide affordable health insurance solutions

Millions of Americans have recently been faced with the task of finding their own inexpensive health care plans for themselves and their families after they have lost their jobs. Already in 2009 alone, estimated that 7 million Americans who have lost work due to the recession will have to pay COBRA health insurance premiums in order to maintain their health insurance plans.

The good news for those millions of recently unemployed persons is that the new Government Act-American recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)-which was put into place in many countries to help these individuals and their families of ensure pay for COBRA health care. However, the ARRA and COBRA provides only temporary financial exemption and, for many, the programmes are to end. Health savings accounts may be feasible solutions to health care for such workers.

Working with COBRA

COBRA is a program that allows employees who lost their job through no fault of their own to continue with the same health care plans, which they were assisted by their employers. COBRA program is temporary and, while the workers are able to maintain their same health insurance plans, employees have to pay more premiums for their health insurance plans, COBRA than they paid, while they were employed.

Historically, COBRA premiums were difficult for laid-off workers afford on their own. Yet because many workers were able to quickly find reemployment after they are laid off many employees chose to use the option as a temporary solution and COBRA health insurance when they were between the tasks.

However, with the current difficult economic conditions, it was not possible for many workers to find reemployment, which means that the obligation to pay high premiums COBRA for an extended period of time-or optional completely make health insurance. Therefore, when COBRA programs are short-term solution to help workers obtain affective through loss of temporary employment, are not capable of providing an affordable or long-term health insurance.

American recovery and Reinvestment Act

In order to help workers more easily afford COBRA (and retain health care coverage) of the Federal Government instated American recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), which has been adopted by some States.

Under the ARRA for workers who lost their jobs during the recession are only required to pay 35 percent of their COBRA health insurance premiums, while the Federal Government pays the remaining 65 percent. This Act is adopted on the basis of a State by State and was an effective short-term solution for millions of Americans. However, COBRA coverage State lasts from six to only nine months, depending on the individual. The Federal COBRA coverage lasts for a maximum of 18 months, in most cases.

For many Americans are currently enrolled in COBRA COBRA health insurance programs and/or ARRA financial support is about to expire. The Americans, who are still unemployed are now challenged to find affordable health care plans for themselves and their families. This is particularly important for them to enroll in the new health insurance program before their COBRA benefits expire, so as to be able to maintain health care coverage for the entire time.

Health savings account options

For people who have lost their job health savings account is generally the solution very affordable and effective health insurance. Health savings accounts are used by people in all industries and financial economy situation, including owners of small businesses, companies, the unemployed, families financial-, savvy employees and more.

Health savings account is similar to the IRA, including those set aside money into health savings account, which then can invest in a high proportion of suitable stocks, bonds, money markets and more. Money, that person shall treat health savings account and tax-free may increase. When a person must pay for the certification of expenditure related to health, he or she can withdraw money from a health savings account to pay for it without paying tax.

It is one of the many benefits of health savings account, that person can use funds from their accounts as they wish. However, if they pay money for expenditure related to health care, will pay taxes on the funds you withdraw it. When they leave the funds in their health savings accounts, money can grow completely tax-free for life.

In order to establish a health savings account, people need to open an account a qualifying high-deductible health insurance. Health savings accounts can be used by individuals and families. There is also the maximum annual contribution for the individual and family health savings accounts, which are subject to change each year.

Health savings accounts are not only affordable health insurance solutions for individuals who have accounts COBRA, which are about to expire, but they are also the perfect solution for many laid-off workers. For many people the health savings accounts are more affordable and financially plans smart solutions than COBRA health insurance. Individuals should talk with an adviser to insurance to find solutions the right insurance for themselves and their families.

By Wiley Long – President, HSA for America-the nation's leading independent insurance company specializing in individual and family HSA insurance plans that working with savings accounts, health.

Who is responsible for the health crisis in America?

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A baby born in the U.S. in 2004 will live an average of 77.9 years. That life expectancy ranks 42d in the world, down from 11th twenty years earlier.

- Source: Census Bureau and National Center for Health Statistics

BLAME-STORMING THE HEALTH CRISIS

Who is responsible for the health crisis in America? Is it the government? The state of the economy? Parents? Schools? What about you and me? Restaurants? Grocery stores? Or is it our busy schedules? How about those get-togethers and parties you attend? Maybe the presented food choices are to blame. Yes! "Blame." That is the word I was looking for! We are looking for someone or some institution to blame for our health crisis.

IS THERE A GOVERNMENT CONSPIRACY?

Is there a government conspiracy? If so, just who are the conspirators? Let us get one thing straight. You and I do not need anyone's help in creating a health crisis. There is a reason for this. You and I are the greatest conspirators of our own lives. We have received more than enough information to let us know what to do to enhance our health and yet we, in many cases, do not act and make the changes. I think that clarifies the conspiracy theory in a nutshell. When I speak of this health crisis, I am not talking about medical insurance or medical costs or treatment. True, this is an important issue. However, this issue only touches on the surface of the problem. How we think, eat and live is the real cause. So who or what is responsible? Do you have an idea? Who is the villain or culprit?

YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR HEALTH

You are personally responsible for all the decisions you make. Do not blame any institution or anyone else for your poor choices that lead to disease, illness and poor health.

WHY AMERICANS RANK LOW ON LONGEVITY

What has caused America to fall so far behind the statistics on longevity in the world? The ranking went from 11th to 42d. Americans do live longer, but not as long as 41 other countries, according to National Center on Health Statistics. Why is one of the richest countries in the world not able to keep up with other countries? Some say it is because the United States has no universal health care. I do not see that as the primary reason since we have never had universal health care. Here is what I think are some of the primary reasons for this trend:

Adults in the United States have one of the highest obesity rates in the world. One third of U.S. adults 20 years and older are obese and about two thirds are overweight, according to the National Center for Health Statistics.
Americans are extremely sedentary in their lifestyles.
Americans do not exercise at all or very little.
Americans eat too much and they eat too much processed foods, sugar and fat.
As long as the health care debate is limited to insurance, the health of Americans will not improve.

SAM MADE ME DO IT

Kids sometimes will do the craziest things. Once upon a time, there were two brothers. We will call them Sam and Jake. As school-aged brothers, Sam challenged Jake to climb a tree, and so he does. Then Jake is challenged, on a dare, to go farther out on a long, thin branch of the tree. He gets about half way out before the limb breaks, and he comes falling to the earth with a thump. Jake broke his nose and got some cuts and bruises. Both kids report to their mother and of course Mom asks Jake, "How did this happen?" Jake responds, "Sam made me do it!"

There are many complaints I hear about all that enticing processed food in the grocery stores. There are remarks about the special challenge of eating out: The portion sizes are too big, and there are all those irresistible, unhealthy "choices" available. I see no difference between Jake's response and these complaining adults' reactions to their plight - or, should I say, dilemma. Jake said, "Sam made me do it." Translation: Sam is responsible for Jake's poor decision to go out on a limb. That is nonsense. Jake is responsible for his own decision to go out on a limb. We adults are too frequently "going out on a limb" with our health by making poor choices while laying the blame on external circumstances or institutions -- whether commercial, social, or governmental. Cease fire with such thoughts of blaming external circumstances or other people. Take charge. Be accountable for your own actions.

INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

Are our institutions off the hook when it becomes to responsibility? No, they are not. I use the term "institution" in a broad sense, to include the following:

Federal, state and local governments
Political parties and politicians
Teachers and school boards
Physicians, dentists, nurses
Journalists, press and media
CEO's and corporate shareholders
Restaurateurs, marketers
School cafeterias
Workplace cafeterias
Clergy, little league coaches
Parents and caregivers
Law enforcement officers, parole officers
Military leaders (from the squad leader upward)

INSTITUTIONS ARE RESPONSIBLE TO LEAD BY EXAMPLE

What kind of leadership responsibility do institutions have when it comes to healthy eating and exercise? Institutions, as well as all leaders, have a heightened level of responsibility beyond rules and regulations of the organization. Our institutions have the special responsibility to "walk the talk," clarify the goals of health and fitness, and assume a more visionary role to set and implement standards for a solution to our health crisis. Our institutions are morally obligated to set the example by living by the higher standard required of them as leaders. This can be accomplished through legislation, executive orders and both internal and public policy making. Our institutions need to deal with the problem directly and use their special influence to save lives and prevent suffering.

HEALTH INSURANCE DOES NOT EQUATE TO A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

Health insurance will not accomplish this. Are you looking for true medical insurance? Make your premium payments in the form of living a healthy lifestyle void of dependence on a home pharmacy of medications. Most of our medications are prescribed because of our lifestyles, not because we simply got sick. I am talking about the overwhelming rule and not the exception.

There are exceptional cases where, despite a healthy lifestyle, serious disease or illness happens. Would you cease to drive a car simply because someone had an automobile accident? In addition, you certainly should not cease to lead a healthy lifestyle just because someone you know lived to be 100 years old as a smoker. That would be a fatal error in thinking. It is just this type of thinking that is killing and maiming Americans. Ban this type of thinking from your mind.

Take the educational institutions for America's young people. Schools are primarily focused on delivering on educating our youth with an approved curriculum. Schools need to go beyond mere curriculum, to consider the whole child, setting improved fitness and healthy eating as a priority. Fitness and healthy eating should be a part of the curriculum, as they play a major role in the development of a child.

TEACHERS ARE ROLE MODELS

Teachers are role models and leaders when it comes to eating and exercise habits and how they portray their attitudes about fitness and health in school. John Maxwell defines leadership as "influence - nothing more, nothing less." Moving beyond the position of the teacher to assessing the ability of the teacher to influence others as a leader is essential. This refers to those who would consider themselves followers, and those outside that circle.

Leadership builds character, because without maintaining integrity and trustworthiness, the capability to positively influence will disappear. There are many other definitions of leadership. They all point to a leader having influence on others and providing to them the guidance and direction necessary to envision a long-term view of the future.

POINT OUR CHILDREN IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION

Policy is made from the top down through legislation, executive order, mission and policy statements. Where there is a void in such top-down leadership, the initiative must begin from the ground up. Educational institutions by virtue of their access to vast blocks of our children's time, have a unique responsibility to go beyond mere curriculum to consider the whole child. By offering and stressing healthier choices, they are setting precedent for the rest of that child's life.

Early in America's pioneer history, schoolteachers were expected to be morally beyond reproach in every detail of their own lifestyle. This reflected how those communities wanted to influence their children's future and the future of the country as a whole. Today's America likewise needs today's schoolteachers to be wholeheartedly health conscious for the same reason. Our future depends on it.

That is not to say that all schoolteachers should be fashion-model thin or good-looking or in any way shaped by the media's image. An overweight teacher who is working to improve her fitness would be preferable over the Size 4 who is proud to eat candy bars and drink sodas in front of her pupils. Institutions are role models in all that they say and do or do not say or do. Their policies and actions set the standards.

WE ARE KILLING OUR CHILDREN

Look at some statistics on childhood obesity in America. About 15 percent of children and adolescents ages 6-19 years are seriously overweight. The percentage of children and adolescents who are defined as overweight has nearly tripled since the early 1970s.

Over 10 percent of preschool children between ages of two and five are overweight.
Another 15 percent of children and teens ages 6-19 are considered at risk of becoming overweight.
Researchers found that lowered self-esteem was associated with being overweight in girls as young as five.
One in five children in the U.S. is overweight.
Children ages 10-13 who are obese are expected to have a 70% likelihood of suffering from obesity as adults.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC), 1999-2000

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

CHILDHOOD OBESITY ONLY AN INDICATOR AND NOT THE REAL PROBLEM

Childhood obesity is only the indicator of an underlying problem of a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits. Address these underlying issues, and childhood obesity will be significantly reduced.

SCHOOLS, TEACHERS AND PARENTS HAVE A HEIGHTENED LEVEL OF RESPONSIBILITY

Our schools, teachers and parents have a heightened level of leadership responsibility to address the statistics that are just a few of many indicators of the direction of the state of health of our children. Once these children become adults, they, too, will pass on their lifestyles to their children and will in all likelihood perpetuate poor eating and exercise habits. The consequences will manifest themselves as learning disabilities, increased crime, and socioeconomic problems which our children's generation cannot afford to inherit.

THE MOTHER OF ALL INSTITUTIONAL EXCUSES

What is the number one excuse institutions use for not doing more to fight the poor state of health of Americans?

Answer: It is each individual's own decision as to how he or she wants to live, how he or she wants to eat and exercise or not. This is the mother of all institutional excuses. An institution using this excuse relinquishes its leadership responsibility as a visionary to lead and guide by example and exercise that institutional influence it possesses. The institutions need to ask the visionary question of what can they do to influence, guide and inspire each individual to make healthy lifestyle choices.

WHY PYRAMIDS AND DIETARY GUIDELINES DON'T WORK

Dietary guidelines, pyramids and charts have all failed to make Americans healthier. Why are they not working? Institutions are made up of individuals who are a cross-section of society who are therefore personally dealing with the same lifestyle issues about eating and exercise, as are all consumers.

Dietary guidelines do not work, because the vast majority of the food and beverage industry does not incorporate them into food choices and portion sizes we see on the shelves. Remember, this is from the perspective of the institution and its responsibility and in no way diminishes the personal responsibility of every individual to take charge of their own lifestyle and choices. Our children need special guidance to learn what personal responsibility means. That guidance must come from adults.

GOVERNMENT SETS THE STANDARD AS A LEADER

Emission controls in the automobile industry have resulted in smaller, cleaner, and more fuel-efficient cars; though more work remains to be done. These successes were accomplished through government regulation through the Clean Air Act and similar initiatives. We have another just as pressing form of pollution going on in America: health pollution.

HEALTH POLLUTION

We have a health pollution crisis on our hands in America, and - as with automobile emission regulations - the food and beverage industry needs to be regulated to meet improved standards for healthy eating through strict labeling, reduced portion sizes, and regulation and disclosure of unhealthy ingredients in our country's food supply.

The free market society needs some governmental fine-tuning in order to save American lives and prevent suffering. The cost of not doing so is enormous. Heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes (the four leading causes of death in the U.S.), and obesity, hypertension, and osteoporosis are all linked to diet and exercise. Americans and their children are the most over-fed and under-nourished group of people in the world.

One out of two Americans is overweight. One-third of Americans are obese. Being overweight is the second leading cause of preventable death in the U.S.

ILLNESS AND DISEASE IS COSTING AMERICA BIG BUCKS

The total cost of stroke to the United States is estimated at about $43 billion per year.
$28 billion per year direct costs for medical care and therapy.
$15,000 is the average cost of care for a patient for up to 90 days after a stroke.
$35,000 for 10% of patients, the cost of care for the first 90 days after a stroke.

*Statistics compiled from the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council "Hospital Performance Report: 28 Common Medical Procedures and Treatments" (December 2002)

FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY

The food and beverage industry as well as the health and wellness industry have a leadership responsibility to clean up their marketing. Misinformation and misleading claims are rampant. Observe carefully and you will detect the emotion-laden words, which are associated with poor choices and portion sizes:

Convenient (over-processed)
All natural (so is lard and corn syrup)
Lite or light (lots of added sugar)
Quick and easy (huge amounts of sodium)
Simple (check the label; not so simple, unpronounceable ingredients.)

In addition, the list goes on:

Fun, exciting, easy, time saver, feels great, low-carb, no sugar, no fat, healthy, look great.

Will the food and beverage industry have an economic price to pay for such changes? Yes, the transitional period will have some associated costs, in the short term. In the end, the food and beverage industry as well as consumers and our country as a whole will all benefit from a healthier America with healthier food choices. In fact, this will result in innovation and new areas of revenue for the food and beverage industry, all while actively contributing to making Americans and America healthier and stronger.

THE PUBLIC'S BASIC RIGHT TO KNOW

Disclosure is the law for government in Florida and many other states and federal entities. The Sunshine Law of Florida establishes a basic right of access to most meetings of boards, commissions and other governing bodies of state and local governmental agencies or authorities. It has led to not only a more informed public, but also actually better government.

Full disclosure on food labels would likewise inform the public and result in healthier foods being produced and marketed. True full disclosure for the average consumer must be in the form of a simple "level of healthiness" and "level of nutrients" grade. The factors determining the simple, easy-to-understand grade must be clearly defined in easily understandable language.

HEALTH POLLUTION A NATIONAL SECURITY ISSUE

The present health pollution of America is a national security issue because the consequences go much farther into sociological issues, such as increased crime and poor learning ability. An unhealthy America cannot perform or think as well.

LOOKING FORWARD

Whatever challenges our country faces will be better met if we are healthier in mind and body. Sick and unhealthy Americans are living longer and living with meds. These Americans need to be weaned back to health and off the meds, where possible. In most cases, lifestyle changes will result in improved health, independent of meals. Our physicians are challenged with a special institutional leadership role in strategizing to prescribe lifestyle-based changes and not just medication so that they and not just medication so that they truly can take on the role of healers, not only for the patient but also for the nation. Keep America strong. The medication mindset without healthy eating and exercise is killing Americans.

We have what it takes to change our culture for the betterment of all by taking personal responsibility for our lifestyles we lead. Our institutions have an equally important role model responsibility to set the tone and standard necessary to keep America healthy. Regardless of political affiliation, there should be complete agreement about personal and institutional responsibilities.

By Lt. Col. Bob Weinstein, USAR-Ret., author of Weight Loss - Twenty Pounds in Ten Weeks - Move It to Lose It

Lt. Col. Weinstein, nationally known as the Health Colonel, has been featured on the History Channel and specializes in a military-style workout for all fitness levels on Fort Lauderdale Beach in South Florida. He is the author of Boot Camp Fitness for All Shapes and Sizes, Weight Loss - Twenty Pounds in Ten Weeks - Move It to Lose It, Discover Your Inner Strength (co-author), Change Made Easy and Quotes to Live By.

His website: http://www.BeachBootCamp.net
Office 954-636-5351
Email TheHealthColonel@BeachBootCamp.net

Health insurance facts to know

How can health insurance help you? The investment, it is necessary that people priorities is the total cost of many other financial responsibility. Health insurance coverage should be there to support you and your family in times when you need immediate medical care. Think of it as eggs nest where you can obtain funds from the payment for medical expenses, hospitalization, medication and more.

There are different types of health insurance plans, which can be obtained, and equally countless number of companies that offer such services. May be a little difficult to choose the most suitable for the budget, as well as tailored to their own health needs. It should be noted that there is no need to spend a fortune to be able to obtain insurance coverage. There are ways by which you can earn discounts and save, while at the same time receiving a quality and reliable services from a provider of insurance services. The entire operation is sufficient knowledge to be able to assess their priorities for health insurance and blocking, choice of supplier.

In accordance with this article presents some interesting statistics, which is a good idea to remember about health insurance plans in the United States. Knowing these important remarks will help you make wise decisions with regard to the selection plan for you and your family. Listed here is also an important message about the direction that the health insurance system in the UNITED STATES is heading.

How many people in the u.s. are without health insurance? How important is covered, there is a significant percentage of the population, that resources to obtain their health policies needed. Centres for disease control reports and prevention (CDC), approximately 45 million people in the u.s. have health insurance. And that translates to approximately 15% of the population. Hispanics are the most uninsured children and adults, which is about 32% of the total population is Hispanic. On the other hand, 19 per cent of the total population of African-Americans don't have health insurance, and about 10 percent of all protein is not insured as well.

If you are interested to know, there are special State, which contributes the most uninsured statistics for adults in the country. If almost 20 percent of Americans aged 19 to 64 are not a form of health insurance, which considerably add to this number? More precisely, Texas, New Mexico to almost one-third of the uninsured total age 19 to 64 of the population. At the other end of the spectrum of Massachusetts has the least number of uninsured adults in this age group, with only about 10 per cent accounted for by statistics on Kaiser Health Foundation.

How many children in the UNITED STATES are without any form of health insurance? This age group is considered to be a small group of children at the age of 18 years and below. The CDC said in the report of the 2007 approximately 10 per cent of the total population of minor does not have health insurance. This means that there are 7 million children there who may not be able to obtain medical care. Which countries are most uninsured children? Kaiser Foundation health accounts that Texas ranks at the top of the list, with around 22 percent of the population age 0 to 18 who have health insurance. Massachusetts is still the country with at least the number of uninsured children, only about 5 per cent having no cover.

Within the meaning of the performance of insurance companies in the country, which are those who write the most number of health policy? From the 2007 National Association of Insurance Commissioners, reports the ten biggest insurance companies in the UNITED STATES, in relation to their market shares. Topping the list with approximately 12% of the market share is UnitedHealth Group. Secondly is WellPoint, Inc., for almost 10% market share. The third largest with a market share of 7.7 per cent is the Kaiser Family Foundation. Blue Cross, which is among the oldest health insurance providers in the country ranks ninth, whose market share of 1.7%.

On a note of the final at the u.s. intends to do in response to the growing need for health insurance in the country? Among the highest priorities of the new Obama administration is focusing on boost and further develop the system of health insurance in the UNITED STATES. Expects that around 150 billion dollars will be allocated to provide more accessible and more affordable health insurance options for the population. With the recession, which led to the loss of more than 7 million jobs is at 25 billion dollars will be used to cover for almost 65 percent of health insurance premiums for these workers.

In order to be able to respond to the needs of the health of children, it is expected that 5 million children will be granted health insurance, as the 87 billion dollars to finance the State health insurance programs, including SCHIP State children health insurance or who assists minors from low-income families as well. The rest of the funding will be for the modernization of medical devices, including access to the records, as well as research for diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer 's, diabetes and heart conditions.

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Health indicators

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The Indicators of Health provide a measure for the health status of a Individual, Group, Community or a Country and to compare it with other similar parameters which help us to understand the good and the poorly assessed areas and to allocate more resources to the ill health and also to monitor and re-evaluate whether the ill are progressing towards a healthy status and to understand what all measures need to be done. In other words we understand the objectives and targets of a particular programme being implemented towards the attainment of better health goals.

Indicators are defined as Variables by the World Health Organisation which have a Negative range and a Positive range in probable observations. This gives an idea about how the progress of a particular programme will go and when these indicators are measured periodically and sequentially over time, they can indicate direction and speed of change and can help to compare the health indications of different groups of people, communities or countries.

Characteristics of Indicators :

The Indicators which should be used in an evaluation, should have the following characteristics so that it can be used in a campaign or a survey.

1. An Indicator should be valid  and should be able to do the purpose of what it is intended to do

2. An Indicator should be Reliable and Objective. This means that when different people carry out research on a similar experiment they should, more or less arrive at a similar inference using the same indicators.

3. An Indicator should be Sensitive and should respond in variation to the situation concerned.

4. An Indicator should be Specific and should respond only to the variation of the specific situation in concern.

5. An Indicator should be feasible as it should have the functions attached to it which enable data collection concerned to it.

6. An Indicator should be relevant which means that it should be able to aid in understanding the concept in concern. It should either support the Hypothesis or discard the Hypothesis in concern.

Health is a Multi-Dimensional entity and each entity is a complex phenomenon in itself because the each entity is affected by numerous factors of which Some are Known while many are still Unknown.

Thus Health is subjected to  the following Factors :

01. Mortality Indicators

02. Morbidity Indicators

03. Disability Rates

04. Nutritional Status Indicators

05. Health Care Delivery Indicators

06. Utilization Rates

07. Indicators of Social and Metal Health

08. Environmental Indicators

09, Socio-Economic Indicators

10. Health Policy Indicators

11. Indicators of Quality of Life

12. Other Indicators

Mortality Indicators and Morbidity Indicators

A. Mortality Indicators

The indicators indicating mortality in a community are :

1. Crude Death Rate

2. Expectation of life

3. Infant Mortality Rate

4. Child Moratality Rate

5. Under-5 Proportional Mortality Rate

6. Maternal (Puerperal) Mortality Rate

7. Disease specific Mortality

8. Proportional Mortality Rate

1. Crude Death Rate:

It is defined as the number of deaths per 1000 population per year in a given community. Here a decrease in death rate indicates better health conditions in the community indicating an overall increase in the health status of the given population, which is in fact a goal of medicine.

2. Expectation of Life:

Life expectancy means the number of years a human being may live, if the age specific and sex specific mortality rates of a population are known. Life expectancy is calculated at birth, at the age of 1 which excludes infant mortality and at the age of 5 which excludes child mortality. Here also, an increase in average life expectancy is considered as an improvement in health status.

3. Infant mortality rate:

It is defined as the ratio of number of deaths under 1 year of age to the total number of live births in the same year, usually expressed as a rate per 1000 live births. This measure is able to infer upon the health status of the infants, also deductively of the whole population and the socio-economic conditions under which the infants and also the whole population lives.

4. Child mortality rate:

It is defined as the ratio of number of deaths of children 1 to 4 years of age per 1000 children in the respective age group at the mid-point of the year concerned for a particular area or community. This ratio indicates the overall health status of the early childhood in a given community and excludes infant mortality.

5. Under 5 proportionate mortality rate:

When both infant mortality and early childhood mortality need to be considered, then these statistics are used where total number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1000 population is considered. This statistical data helps in inferencing upon high birth rates, high child mortality rates and shorter life expectancy.

6. Maternal (puerperal) mortality rate:

The levels of maternal mortality differ from country to country according to its socio-economic conditions and status representing the proportion of deaths of women in reproductive age which is generally higher in the under developed and developing countries. This data has not gained much importance in terms of statistical analysis and inference.

7. Disease-specific mortality:

This statistical analysis can be computed for mortality on account of specific diseases. As communicable diseases are being extricated, other diseases like Cancers, Cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes have emerged as specific disease problems.

8. Proportional  mortality rate:

This statistical analysis takes in account the proportion of all deaths from every abouve mentioned analysis attributed to it.

B. Morbidity Indicators

These indicators indicate the burden of diseases and illhealth in a community but have there own limitations as they represent only the clinical cases and are represented as iceberg theory.

The assessing points for illhealth and diseases in a community are :

1. Incidence and Prevalence

2. Notification rates

3. Attendance rates at health services

4. Admission, Re-admission and discharge rates

5. Duration of stay in hospital

6. Spells of sickness or absence from work or school.

C. Disability Rates

These fall into two categories which are namely :

a. Event type indicators:

i. Number od days of restricted activity

ii. Bed disability days

iii. Work loss days

b.  Person type indicators:

i. Limitation of mobility

ii. Limitation of activity

D. Nutritional Status Indicators

These are namely :

Measurements and proportions of pre-school children.

Heights and sometimes weights of school level children

The frequency measurement of babies being born under category of low birth weight. In India, Low birth weight is considered when the weight of the new born child is under 2.5 kgs.

E. Health Care Delivery Indicators

This indicator shows us the units of health system present in a given physical and geographical area which are imparting health services the data of which is grouped under the following categories:

Doctor-population ratio

Doctor-nurse ratio

Population-bed ratio

Population per health/subcentre

Population per traditional birth attendant

F. Utilization Rates

These measures are used to measure the usage of the health services and is measured under the following categories:

Proportion of infants who have received complete immunization programme.

Proportion of pregnant women who have received complete ante-natal care

Percentage of population using or adapted to various procedures under family planning

Hospital bed occupancy rate

Average length of stay of a patient at Hospital
The Utilization Rates can differ according to every Geographical area, the climate and the habitat and surrounding environment. The list can also be inclusive of more criteria on the basis of factors involved in the making of the area.

G. Social Health, Mental Health, Environmental and Socio-economic Indicators of Health

Positive health is a rarity, now-a-days. Thus, many a times symptoms and clinical presentations related to social and mental pathology are needed to be used. These indicators indicate the socialism in the given area or community.

We also know that every living entity needs a good environment within acceptable limits so that the living entity remains healthy. The same aoolies to Human beings. The factors which affect the Social ad Mental Health are:

Pollution

Radiation

Solid wastes

Access to safe water etc.
Socio-economic indicators do not directly measure Health but help in interpretation of the indicators of health 

H. Health Policy Indicators

This makes them the most important information rearrangement of sympoms in a present society.

I. Other Indicators may include :

Indicators for quality of Life

Basic needs indicators

Health for All Indicators

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/87871-Indicators-Health.aspx

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/87918-Treatment-Of-Stress-Preventive-Measures-To.aspx

Dr. Apurva Tamhane

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